Microsurgery is a type of highly specialised surgical approach used to repair delicate structures like blood vessels, nerves, and soft tissue. The method relies on an operating microscope and fine instruments that allow the surgeon to work on areas that are just a few millimetres wide. The goal is restoring function and supporting natural healing after injury, illness, or previous surgery.
In this article, we touch on the key microsurgical techniques used in modern reconstruction, including free flaps, nerve repair, and tissue transfers.
How Does Microsurgery Work?
Microsurgery is often used in reconstructive surgery when the body needs healthy tissue to rebuild areas affected by trauma, cancer treatment, or congenital conditions. Surgeons work under magnification to reconnect an artery and a vein, or to repair nerves that support movement and sensation. Each step is performed under an operating microscope to ensure accuracy and control.
- A plastic surgeon may move tissue from one part of the body to another when local options are limited.
- This transferred tissue is called a free flap because it is fully detached before being reattached.
- Free-flap methods support stronger outcomes when surgeons must repair larger or more complex defects.
- These techniques are especially useful in the limbs, the breast and the head and neck region.
What Are the Main Types of Microsurgical Procedures?
Microsurgery includes a wide range of methods. The specific type of surgery depends on the patient’s needs, and the quality of surrounding structures. Common approaches include:
- Reconnecting blood vessels after trauma
- Repairing nerves for improved sensation
- Transferring donor tissue for structural support
- Moving a piece of tissue to rebuild damaged areas
- Using free flaps for long-distance tissue transfers
These procedures require surgeons trained to perform microsurgery in high-precision environments.
Why Are Tissue Transfers Important in Reconstruction?
Tissue transfers help rebuild areas where the original tissue cannot heal on its own. This often happens after tumour removal, accidents, or infections. Tissue taken from one part of the body must maintain a strong blood supply to survive once reattached. Surgeons check the blood flow closely during and after the procedure.
A successful transfer depends on reconnecting very small arteries and veins, structures that may be less than 3 mm wide. Because of these fine details, the technique is often called microsurgery. Studies from the American Society of Plastic Surgeons note that free-flap success rates are above 90% in experienced centres.
When Is Microsurgery Used in the Head and Neck Area?
Microsurgery plays an important role in rebuilding the head and neck area after tumour removal or injury. These regions are vital for breathing, speech, and swallowing. Restoring structure is only part of the process; the goal is rebuilding function as well. Free-flap transfers are especially helpful because they allow surgeons to reshape unique surfaces and restore strength. The precision required means planning is detailed, and teams coordinate closely.
What Should Patients Expect During a Microsurgical Procedure?
Microsurgery usually takes place under general anaesthesia. A plastic surgeon will mark the donor and recipient areas before surgery begins. The team prepares the operating microscope and stabilises the tissue. Surgeons then reconnect the artery and vein branches, restore blood flow, and ensure the flap is healthy.
After surgery, patients stay in the hospital for monitoring. The first hours are important because the new tissue must show stable circulation. Recovery times vary based on the part of the body treated and the size of the flap used.
Why Is Microsurgery Significant in Modern Reconstruction?
Microsurgery improves outcomes by preserving form and function in areas that are hard to treat with traditional methods. It supports natural healing and helps patients regain mobility, coverage, and strength. Many reconstructions would not be possible without the option to move tissue from one part of the body to another.
As techniques evolve, the role of microsurgery continues to grow. It is now a core part of advanced reconstruction. It also remains one of the most effective ways to restore function in complex cases.